Regulating AI in National Security: A Comparative Study of European, Algerian, and Pakistani Approaches

Abstract

This paper studies the regulatory reaction to artificial intelligence (AI) through the lens of national security, in three countries - the European Union, Algeria and Pakistan. The article makes a comparison of the formalised legal framework of the EU and the incipient national strategy in Algeria and the progressive policy instruments of the export against the setting of a variety of policy tools such as the governance structures, civil-military interface, export controls and normative restrictions on military and dual-use applications. Based on document analysis, comparative case literature, and commentary on policies, the research outlines convergences and differences in designing legal systems, institutional capacity, and compromising between security imperatives and rights protection. Discoveries indicate detailed regulatory framework of EU making decision on procedural protection and risk prohibition; Capacity establishment and technological independence making the strategy, Algeria. Pakistan economic and digital governance adoption plan having a weak military AI governance. The paper concludes by proposing to align the domestic regulation with the international mitigation of risks norms, enhance the transparency in the defence procurement and operation of AI and to advance multilateral confidence measure to prevent the escalation and abuse.